One example is the startle/orienting response. This response is the first-line of defense in a long chain of defensive behaviors. It is usually a reaction to a sudden noise but can also be elicited by visual or proprioceptive stimuli. Upon such stimulation, the animal abruptly ceases its ongoing activity and the eyes and ears scan the environment for threats. This audiovisual alerting is subserved by a special kind of brain activity: ponto-geniculo-occipital (PGO) waves, the same waves typical of REM sleep (Wu and Siegel 1990; Sanford et al. 1992). After the instantiation of this heightened awareness, the animal has the option of reacting in a number of ways depending on the situation: freeze, flight, or fight.
Kolb Brain And Behavior 4th Edition Free 11 playstation angelo e
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